Periodontal Diseases

What is a Periodontal Disease 

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a progressive condition that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting your teeth. It is caused by a buildup of plaque, which can eventually turn into tartar. As plaque accumulates along the gum line, it causes the gums to become inflamed, leading to a series of issues that can escalate if not addressed. 

When left untreated, periodontal disease can progress, causing deep pockets between the gums and teeth, which then fill with harmful bacteria. These bacteria release toxins that damage the bone and soft tissues that support your teeth. Over time, periodontal disease can result in tooth loss if it’s not managed effectively. What makes periodontal disease particularly concerning is that it often develops without noticeable symptoms, meaning many people don’t realize they have it until it has already caused significant damage. Early detection is key to preventing serious complications, which is why regular dental checkups are so important. 

Causes of Periodontal Disease 

Periodontal disease starts with the formation of plaque, a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on your teeth after eating. If plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can harden into tartar (also called calculus), which can only be removed by a dentist or hygienist. As tartar continues to build up, it leads to irritation and inflammation in the gums. If left unchecked, this inflammation worsens and leads to the development of periodontal disease. 

In addition to poor oral hygiene, other factors can contribute to the development of periodontal disease, including: 

• Smoking or chewing tobacco 

• Genetics, as some individuals are genetically predisposed to developing gum disease 

• Chronic conditions, such as diabetes, which can reduce the body’s ability to fight infection 

• Certain medications that reduce saliva flow and contribute to gum issues 

• Hormonal changes, such as those during pregnancy, menopause, or menstruation, which can make gums more sensitive to irritation 

• Poor nutrition, particularly a deficiency in vitamin C, which can affect gum health 

Symptoms of Periodontal Disease 

In its early stages, periodontal disease may not cause noticeable pain. However, there are several signs to watch for, especially if you notice any of the following: 

• Red, swollen, or tender gums: Healthy gums should be firm and pale pink. If your gums are consistently swollen or sensitive to the touch, it may indicate the presence of periodontal disease. 

• Bleeding gums: Frequent bleeding when brushing or flossing can be a sign of gingivitis or a more advanced stage of periodontal disease. 

• Persistent bad breath (halitosis) or a bad taste in your mouth: This is often caused by the bacteria that build up in the pockets between your teeth and gums. 

• Receding gums: If your gums begin to pull away from your teeth, exposing more of the tooth or its root, it could be a sign of gum disease. 

• Loose teeth: As gum disease progresses, the structures that hold your teeth in place begin to break down, which can lead to loose or shifting teeth. 

• Changes in bite or fit of dentures: A misalignment of your bite or a change in how your dentures fit could indicate the presence of periodontal disease, especially in advanced stages. 

Types of Periodontal Disease 

There are several different types of periodontal disease, each with varying levels of severity and specific symptoms. Here are the most common forms: 

Gingivitis (Early Stage) 

Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease and is caused by the buildup of plaque at the gumline. Symptoms typically include red, swollen gums that may bleed easily when brushing or flossing. Gingivitis is reversible with good oral hygiene, including regular professional cleanings and diligent at-home care. If treated early, gingivitis will not progress to more severe forms of gum disease. 

Chronic Periodontitis 

Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of gum disease, affecting adults most often, although it can occur at any age. This condition is characterized by gum inflammation, bone loss, and the formation of deep pockets between the gums and teeth. If left untreated, chronic periodontitis can lead to tooth mobility or tooth loss. It is managed through more intensive cleaning methods and may require surgical treatments to restore gum health. 

Aggressive Periodontitis 

Aggressive periodontitis is a rare form of gum disease that often occurs in otherwise healthy individuals, and it tends to run in families. This form of periodontitis progresses rapidly, causing significant bone loss and gum detachment in a short amount of time. Young adults and adolescents are most commonly affected, though it can occur at any age. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to slowing the disease and preserving teeth. 

Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases 

In some cases, periodontal disease can be linked to underlying health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. People with systemic conditions are at a higher risk of developing periodontal disease, which can sometimes manifest as part of their broader health issues. Managing these conditions effectively and maintaining excellent oral hygiene is important to reducing the risk of gum disease. 

Necrotizing Periodontal Disease 

This severe form of periodontal disease involves the death of the tissues in the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is most often associated with systemic conditions such as HIV, malnutrition, or immunosuppression. Necrotizing periodontal disease is an aggressive infection that requires immediate treatment to prevent further damage and potential tooth loss. 

Treatment and Prevention 

If you notice any of the signs or symptoms mentioned above, it’s essential to seek professional care as soon as possible. At San Antonio Periodontics and Implants, we specialize in diagnosing and treating all stages of periodontal disease. Our treatments may include: 

• Scaling and root planing (deep cleaning) to remove plaque and tartar from beneath the gumline 

• Antibiotic treatments to control bacterial infection 

• Gum surgery, such as flap surgery or bone grafts, for more advanced stages of the disease 

• Treatments to reduce inflammation and promote gum healing 

Contact Us 

Periodontal disease can have a serious impact on your oral health if left untreated. If you notice any signs of gum disease or if you’re due for a routine checkup, contact San Antonio Periodontics and Implants today. Our team of specialists is here to provide expert care and help you maintain healthy gums and teeth for life. Schedule an appointment and take the first step toward a healthier smile.